The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of WORKING MEMORY training on attention skill and capacity WORKING MEMORY among karate athletes. A number of 24 karate athletes were selected from Alborz's skilled karate athletes by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. They were asked to complete WORKING MEMORY capacity and attention tests. Then experimental group underwent a 25-session WORKING MEMORY training course. Finally, both group completed the tests again. Instruments included digit and spatial WORKING MEMORY test, black and red attention test, and WORKING MEMORY training software. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that WORKING MEMORY training resulted in increase in WORKING MEMORY capacity and attention. Generally, based on the findings, WORKING MEMORY training is useful to increase karate athletes’ appropriate responses in high-pressure situations.

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a MEMORY alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span WORKING MEMORY test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical MEMORY interview to indicate whether WORKING MEMORY capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict MEMORY specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and MEMORY specificity.  Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of MEMORY specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only WORKING MEMORY capacity can predict MEMORY specificity (r=0.216, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and MEMORY specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in MEMORY impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, WORKING MEMORY capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict MEMORY specificity. Therefore, MEMORY capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination.

A brief account of the concept of WORKING MEMORY is presented, followed by a more detailed description of one sub-component of the system, namely the phonological loop. The question of the functional significance of this component of WORKING MEMORY is discussed. Evidence suggests a minor role in language comprehension, together with a much more substantial role in the capacity to acquire novel phonological, and possibly grammatical forms. It is suggested that the phonological loop has evolved as a mechanism for language acquisition.

Background and purpose: Hearing impaired children with cochlear implant experience many problems as they have developmental language impairments with impaired WORKING MEMORY. The aim of this study was to develop a WORKING MEMORY test and investigating the WORKING MEMORY in children with cochlear implant. Materials and methods: In this cross sectional study, a Persian WORKING MEMORY scale for children was developed. Content validity (n=9), face validity (n=9), and reliability (n=30) of the test were evaluated. Then, the auditory WORKING MEMORY test was performed in 30 Persian speaking children with normal hearing and in five with cochlear implant. Results: The content validity was 100%. The performance of children confirmed face validity of the scale. Test-retest reliability was 0. 938 (P <0. 05). There was a significant difference in the mean scores between the group with normal hearing (78. 06± 27. 017) and those with cochlear implants (28. 2 ± 25. 547) (95% CI, [P <0. 05]). Conclusion: The Persian WORKING MEMORY scale for children was found to have content validity, face validity, and reliability. Children with cochlear implants performed weaker than normal children on WORKING MEMORY tasks.